Chemical & Biological Dynamics

Includes CD op. "APHIS uses antimicrobial products registered by EPA for use against influenza A viruses, and also uses the sterilant, chlorine dioxide, for disinfection of premises." "Chlorine dioxide, a frequently used gaseous sterilant for clean-up following an HPAI outbreak is a powerful oxidizer and unstable in light (HHS, 2004). Therefore, it is not expected to significantly impact air quality. When using chlorine dioxide and other disinfectants, label instructions should be followed to ensure proper use of the chemical and to minimize impacts to the environment"

There is increasing demand for safe and effective sanitizers for irrigation water disinfection to prevent transmission of foodborne pathogens to fresh produce. Here we compared the efficacy of pH-neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW), sodium hypochlorite ...

{Includes several links to CoronavirusCD.org}

ClorDiSys Solutions Inc blog about contamination control and biodecontamination.

CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR HOUSEHOLD USES

As treatment time increased, most combinations of ClO2 gas and aerosolized PAA showed additive effects in the inactivation of the three pathogens.

Frontier Pharmaceutical is a pioneer in the development of active chlorine dioxide for topical use using their proprietary DioxiCare®system.

"the latest research has shown that ECA water is better at disinfecting than both hypochlorite (OCl-) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2)"

SAFE-pHix brand LpH 100 is a unique, very low pH liquid blended product [Acidic Calcium Sulfate] for poultry drinking water. LpH 100 is an OMRI Approved Activator for Organic Chlorine Dioxide Applications. Available in 5 gallon, 14 gallon, 54 gallon drums, and 270 gallon totes. For further information please see the independent field study on chlorine dioxide and water sanitation.

"This indicates that ClO2 treatment of food-contact surfaces results in residual lethality to E. coli O157:H7 during the drying process." "We investigated the efficacy of sequential treatments of aqueous chlorine and chlorine dioxide and drying..."

Chlorine Dioxide's "bactericidal activity remains constant over a broader pH range from pH 3 to 8. In water, chlorine dioxide reacts rapidly to form chlorite ions. It is also a highly volatile compound that can easily remove from dilute aqueous solutions. During storing and reuse processes, it may lose its potency. In addition, chlorine dioxide gradually dissociates into chlorine and oxygen. Therefore, it must be stored in small containers or single use bottles"

"Based on the activity against the test organisms after 30-and 60-s exposures to each disinfectant, the disinfectant containing chlorine dioxide had the highest biocidal activity in this assay, on a mg/l basis. "

Aims: This study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the factors that influence viral RNA degradation in the presence of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), which will be very useful in helping to defin...

{Links many valuable citations to this article}

(1979). Palin's titrimetric method for the analysis of chlorine in aqueous chlorine dioxide solutions was found to give low chlorine dioxide and high and variable chlorine estimations. It was determined that glycine, used in the titration for chlorine removal, was reacting with the chlorine dioxide during the titration. Replacement of glycine by oxalic acid gave reproducible and accurate chlorine and chlorine dioxide values. In solutions containing 3.5 to 15 mg of chlorine dioxide, chlorine (0.1 to 0.3 mg) could be determined with a standard deviation of 0.01 mg.

Purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were exposed to ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine. Excystation and mouse infectivity were comparatively evaluated to assess oocyst viability. Ozone and chlorine dioxide more effectively inactivated oocysts than chlorine and monochloramine did. Greater than 90% inactivation as measured by infectivity was achieved by treating oocysts with 1 ppm of ozone (1 mg/liter) for 5 min. Exposure to 1.3 ppm of chlorine dioxide yielded 90% inactivation after 1 h, while 80 ppm of chlorine and 80 ppm of monochloramine required approximately 90 min...

1967 "Washed suspensions of Escherichia coli were exposed to different concentrations of chlorine dioxide at various temperatures. Platings of the mixtures to evaluate the numbers of surviving cells were made after 5–300 sec of contact. Survival data were best fitted by a reaction model that is first order with respect to cell concentration and to exposure time. Bactericidal rates were found to increase markedly with both increased disinfectant concentrations and increased temperatures. Activation energies at each concentration of chlorine dioxide are reported."

Aims The efficacy of a novel photochemical method for generating chlorine dioxide (photoClO2) was evaluated against human noroviruses (HuNoV) surrogate, bacteriophage MS2, and Clostridium difficile ...

bioWALL provides patented, DiKlor-W, DiKlor-T and DiKlor-S chlorine dioxide generation technology solutions for biological and chemical contaminants. bioWALL offers logistics, planning, preparation, prevention and response solutions to food, agriculture business, facilities, commercial structures, events, governments, first responders and public/private entities to mitigate the risks of both naturally-occurring and terrorism-related biological pathogens and chemical contaminations.

Chlorine dioxide gas will inactivate any form of antimicrobial life including spores

"Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) acts as an oxidizing agent and reacts with several cellular constituents, including the cell membrane of microbes. By "stealing" electrons from them (oxidation), it breaks their molecular bonds, resulting in the death of the organism by the breakup of the cell. By altering the proteins involved in the structure of microorganisms, their enzymatic function is broken and causes very rapid bacterial kills. This oxidative attack on many proteins simultaneously is behind the potency of chlorine dioxide and also prevents microorganisms from mutating to a resistant form. Because of the selective reactivity of chlorine dioxide, its antimicrobial action is retained longer in the presence of organic matter than most other decontaminating agents."

{includes chlorine dioxide as a treatment}

1958 ***Includes important graphs on solubility, etc. {Translation of text at www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kakoronbunshu1953/22/3/22_3_153/_article/-char/en AND translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fkakoronbunshu1953%2F22%2F3%2F22_3_153%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fja}

Since mushroom growers often refer to disinfectants and sanitizers interchangeably, which is understandable, let's clarify some terms.